Factor dataset
The public source ledger behind the calculator
This page lists the emission factors Keslio uses for first-pass GHG estimates. It is for reviewers, analysts, procurement teams, and anyone who needs to understand where the calculator numbers come from.
What it is
A versioned list of public factors used for electricity, fuels, refrigerants, travel, commuting, waste, and spend-based estimates (used when a company knows what it spent but not what it used).
How to use it
Check the factor source, country, unit, and confidence before relying on a result for a customer, investor, or platform request.
How current is this data
Keslio reviews this dataset annually. Current factor version: 2026-07. Last reviewed: 2026-07-05.
All factors and sources
Every factor shows its official source and how much confidence to place in it.
Grid electricity
FactorValueSourceCountryConfidence
Grid electricityU.S. total output emission rate, CO2e, 770.884 lb/MWh converted to kg/kWh. Data year 2023.0.34967 kg CO2e/kWhU.S. EPA eGRID factorUnited Stateshigh
Grid electricityElectricity generated factor from the 2026 flat file.0.13096 kg CO2e/kWhUK Government 2026 conversion factorUnited Kingdomhigh
Grid electricityDubai grid emission factor proxy. DEWA reports 0.3833 tCO2e/MWh. Use as UAE open default until a current national factor is published. MOEI/UAE Energy Strategy target of 0.27 kg CO2/kWh by 2030 is not a current inventory factor.0.3833 kg CO2e/kWhDEWA electricity proxyUnited Arab Emiratesmedium
Grid electricityWeighted average grid emission factor including renewable energy for FY 2024-25. CO2 only, not full CO2e. Re-open official workbook during accuracy gate if calculator needs exact table provenance.0.71 kg CO2/kWhIndia CEA grid factorIndiamedium
Grid electricityLuzon-Visayas simple operating margin. Best open DOE value found. Mindanao simple operating margin in the same DOE source is 0.7797 tCO2/MWh. Use user region where known.0.7122 kg CO2/kWhPhilippines DOE grid factorPhilippineslow
Grid electricityAverage grid emission factor for 2024. CO2 only.0.402 kg CO2/kWhSingapore EMA grid factorSingaporehigh
Grid electricityBest open published Saudi grid value found. The official GCOM methodology defines grid factor methods but the numeric default was not found in an official current table. Treat as accuracy-gate priority. Related official methodology: https://gcom.cdmdna.gov.sa/Downloads/SA-DNA-M2.pdf.0.568 kg CO2/kWhSaudi grid proxy factorSaudi Arabialow
Grid electricity2025 estimated direct greenhouse gas factor without upstream chain. UBA also publishes 0.406 kg CO2e/kWh including upstream.0.352 kg CO2e/kWhGerman UBA electricity factorGermanyhigh
Grid electricityStroom onbekend gridmix total factor. Site is managed by Rijkswaterstaat and Stichting Stimular. The production-emissions column is 0.200 kg CO2e/kWh.0.244 kg CO2e/kWhCO2emissiefactoren.nl electricity factorNetherlandshigh
Grid electricityGlobal average generation emission intensity for 2025. Use only when country is unknown.0.458 kg CO2e/kWhEmber global electricity factorGlobal fallbackmedium
Scope 1 fuels
FactorValueSourceCountryConfidence
Natural gasGaseous fuels, natural gas, cubic metres.2.02633 kg CO2e/m3UK Government 2026 conversion factorGlobalhigh
Natural gasUse where gas bills are recorded in kWh gross calorific value.0.18231 kg CO2e/kWh gross CVUK Government 2026 conversion factorGlobalhigh
DieselLiquid fuels, diesel average biofuel blend.2.58354 kg CO2e/litreUK Government 2026 conversion factorGlobalhigh
PetrolLiquid fuels, petrol average biofuel blend.2.075 kg CO2e/litreUK Government 2026 conversion factorGlobalhigh
Vehicle fuel
FactorValueSourceCountryConfidence
DieselUse for company vehicle fuel purchase where litres are known.2.58354 kg CO2e/litreUK Government 2026 conversion factorGlobalhigh
PetrolUse for company vehicle fuel purchase where litres are known.2.075 kg CO2e/litreUK Government 2026 conversion factorGlobalhigh
LPGUse for LPG vehicle fuel purchase where litres are known.1.55713 kg CO2e/litreUK Government 2026 conversion factorGlobalhigh
Vehicle distance
FactorValueSourceCountryConfidence
Passenger carPassenger vehicles, cars by size, direct emissions.0.16591 kg CO2e/kmUK Government 2026 conversion factorGlobalhigh
Passenger carPassenger vehicles, cars by size, direct emissions.0.14282 kg CO2e/kmUK Government 2026 conversion factorGlobalhigh
Passenger carPassenger vehicles, cars by size, direct emissions.0.17322 kg CO2e/kmUK Government 2026 conversion factorGlobalhigh
Passenger carPassenger vehicles, cars by size, direct emissions.0.2277 kg CO2e/kmUK Government 2026 conversion factorGlobalhigh
Passenger carTailpipe only. Electricity charging should be calculated with grid electricity where kWh is known.0 kg CO2e/kmUK Government 2026 conversion factorGlobalhigh
Refrigerants
FactorValueSourceCountryConfidence
HFC-134a100-year GWP factor.1300 kg CO2e/kg refrigerantUK Government 2026 conversion factorGlobalhigh
R290 propaneNatural refrigerant.0.06 kg CO2e/kg refrigerantUK Government 2026 conversion factorGlobalhigh
R600A isobutaneNatural refrigerant.3 kg CO2e/kg refrigerantUK Government 2026 conversion factorGlobalhigh
Business travel flights
FactorValueSourceCountryConfidence
Domestic, average passenger, with RFWith radiative forcing, recommended for screening. Great-circle uplift included in DESNZ method.0.22928 kg CO2e/passenger.kmUK Government 2026 conversion factorGlobalhigh
Short-haul, average passenger, with RFUse if cabin class is unknown.0.12786 kg CO2e/passenger.kmUK Government 2026 conversion factorGlobalhigh
Long-haul, average passenger, with RFUse if cabin class is unknown.0.15282 kg CO2e/passenger.kmUK Government 2026 conversion factorGlobalhigh
Long-haul, business class, with RFUse where cabin class is known.0.3394 kg CO2e/passenger.kmUK Government 2026 conversion factorGlobalhigh
Hotel nights
FactorValueSourceCountryConfidence
Hotel nightsHotel stay country factor.16.1 kg CO2e/room nightUK Government 2026 conversion factorUnited Stateshigh
Hotel nightsHotel stay country factor.10.4 kg CO2e/room nightUK Government 2026 conversion factorUnited Kingdomhigh
Hotel nightsHotel stay country factor.63.8 kg CO2e/room nightUK Government 2026 conversion factorUnited Arab Emirateshigh
Hotel nightsHotel stay country factor.58.9 kg CO2e/room nightUK Government 2026 conversion factorIndiahigh
Hotel nightsHotel stay country factor.54.3 kg CO2e/room nightUK Government 2026 conversion factorPhilippineshigh
Hotel nightsHotel stay country factor.24.5 kg CO2e/room nightUK Government 2026 conversion factorSingaporehigh
Hotel nightsHotel stay country factor.106.4 kg CO2e/room nightUK Government 2026 conversion factorSaudi Arabiahigh
Hotel nightsHotel stay country factor.13.2 kg CO2e/room nightUK Government 2026 conversion factorGermanyhigh
Hotel nightsHotel stay country factor.14.8 kg CO2e/room nightUK Government 2026 conversion factorNetherlandshigh
Employee commuting
FactorValueSourceCountryConfidence
Average carDefault for employee commuting by car when fuel and vehicle size are unknown.0.16591 kg CO2e/passenger.kmUK Government 2026 conversion factorGlobalhigh
Local busAverage local bus.0.10151 kg CO2e/passenger.kmUK Government 2026 conversion factorGlobalhigh
National railDefault train factor where local rail data is not available.0.03092 kg CO2e/passenger.kmUK Government 2026 conversion factorGlobalhigh
Walk or cycleOperational emissions treated as zero for screening. Do not include food or equipment life cycle effects.0 kg CO2e/passenger.kmGHG Protocol screening conventionGlobalhigh
Waste
FactorValueSourceCountryConfidence
Commercial and industrial waste to LandfillScope 3 waste disposal screening factor.520.58023 kg CO2e/tonneUK Government 2026 conversion factorGlobalhigh
Commercial and industrial waste to CombustionScope 3 waste disposal screening factor.4.65358 kg CO2e/tonneUK Government 2026 conversion factorGlobalhigh
Organic food and drink waste to LandfillScope 3 waste disposal screening factor.700.33263 kg CO2e/tonneUK Government 2026 conversion factorGlobalhigh
Organic food and drink waste to CompostingScope 3 waste disposal screening factor.9.00687 kg CO2e/tonneUK Government 2026 conversion factorGlobalhigh
Household residual waste to LandfillScope 3 waste disposal screening factor.497.28993 kg CO2e/tonneUK Government 2026 conversion factorGlobalhigh
Spend based Scope 3
FactorValueSourceCountryConfidence
Management consulting servicesSEF plus margins. U.S. economy proxy.0.078 kg CO2e/2022 USD purchaser priceU.S. EPA supply-chain factorGlobalmedium
Software publishersSEF plus margins. U.S. economy proxy.0.08 kg CO2e/2022 USD purchaser priceU.S. EPA supply-chain factorGlobalmedium
Data processing, hosting, and related servicesSEF plus margins. U.S. economy proxy.0.093 kg CO2e/2022 USD purchaser priceU.S. EPA supply-chain factorGlobalmedium
Computer systems design servicesSEF plus margins. U.S. economy proxy.0.089 kg CO2e/2022 USD purchaser priceU.S. EPA supply-chain factorGlobalmedium
Commercial bankingSEF plus margins. U.S. economy proxy.0.059 kg CO2e/2022 USD purchaser priceU.S. EPA supply-chain factorGlobalmedium
Commercial and institutional building constructionSEF plus margins. U.S. economy proxy.0.224 kg CO2e/2022 USD purchaser priceU.S. EPA supply-chain factorGlobalmedium
General freight truckingSEF plus margins. U.S. economy proxy.0.595 kg CO2e/2022 USD purchaser priceU.S. EPA supply-chain factorGlobalmedium
Hotels and motelsSEF plus margins. Prefer hotel-night factors when activity data is available.0.145 kg CO2e/2022 USD purchaser priceU.S. EPA supply-chain factorGlobalmedium
Full-service restaurantsSEF plus margins. U.S. economy proxy.0.194 kg CO2e/2022 USD purchaser priceU.S. EPA supply-chain factorGlobalmedium
Cement manufacturingSEF plus margins. High-intensity sector. Prefer supplier-specific product data where available.3.924 kg CO2e/2022 USD purchaser priceU.S. EPA supply-chain factorGlobalmedium
Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy manufacturingSEF plus margins. High-intensity sector. Prefer tonne-of-material factors where available.0.787 kg CO2e/2022 USD purchaser priceU.S. EPA supply-chain factorGlobalmedium
Semiconductor and related device manufacturingSEF plus margins. U.S. economy proxy.0.215 kg CO2e/2022 USD purchaser priceU.S. EPA supply-chain factorGlobalmedium
How the estimate works
The calculator multiplies the activity you enter (like kWh of electricity or litres of fuel) by the published factor for it in the table above. Anything you skip or mark as unknown uses a deliberately cautious default, so estimates never understate. Every factor's source and confidence rating is listed above, and the same details appear in the PDF you download.
Citation
How to cite this dataset
Cite the dataset version and access date when you reference the calculator or factor source ledger.
Keslio. GHG calculator factor dataset, version 2026-07. Accessed [date]. https://www.keslio.com/resources/tools/ghg-emissions-calculator/factors